- 資料來源：國際及兩岸運動組
- 更新日期：105/05/20
- 點閱：5736
<運動組織動態>
1.卡達奧林匹克學院與國際學校體育總會簽署合作備忘錄
<賽事籌辦進度>
2.國際足總宣布2022世足冠軍戰將於12月18日舉行
3.聯合國兒童基金會與2015巴庫歐洲運動會共同推動兒童運動
<賽事申辦訊息>
4.巴黎將申辦2024年奧運
5.麻薩諸塞大學研究顯示奧運將刺激經濟成長
6.漢堡將代表德國申辦2024奧運會
7.南非德班市將藉主辦2022大英國協運動會躍升為世界級城市
<賽事規則變革>
8.國際自由車總會將進行男女混合賽測試
<運動禁藥管制>
9.國際自由車總會宣布多項反禁藥辦法
10.國際奧會反禁藥基金獲各國政府捐贈645萬美元
<學校運動發展>
11.國際學校體育總會與國際奧會攜手迎向學校體育發展之挑戰
<運動教育推廣>
12.特殊奧運啟發學童不凡之處
<2020東京奧運>
13.「為明日運動」預計於2020年前觸及1000萬人士
14.日本國會將於東京奧運前檢視同性戀及跨性別者歧視問題
<運動賭博雲端應用與平台服務>
15.曼聯與Bwin啟用博弈App
<其它>
16.適合舉辦開放水域游泳賽事之氣溫探討
17.重量訓練有益於年長者
1. 卡達奧林匹克學院與國際學校體育總會簽署合作備忘錄 <運動組織動態>
insidethegames 網站2015/03/18報導。卡達奧林匹克學院(the Qatar Olympic Academy, QOA)為卡達奧委會(the Qatar Olympic Committee, QOC)之小組委員會之一，並已於日前與國際學校體育總會(International School Sport Federation, ISF)簽署合作備忘錄。卡達奧委會秘書長暨卡達奧林匹克學院會長表示，此合作備忘錄將可加強雙方合作關係。
雙方將經由共同合作，分享學校奧林匹克計畫(School Olympic Programme, SOP)之成功經驗。該計畫自2006年亞運後展開，參與者已自原300所學校7,099人，成長至2014年之461所學校及25,254人。該計畫今年涵蓋之運動種類亦增加至14種，包括奧運與帕運會比賽項目。參與學生需於整學年間參加各項競賽，以爭取晉級總決賽資格，而該總決賽目前正於全球知名之阿斯拜爾巨蛋球場(Aspire Dome)進行。前述計畫及球場均為2006年亞運會資產。據統計，卡達全國已有高達29,319名學生於本學年度自該計畫中獲益。
國際學校體育總會已於上週與卡達學校體育協會(Qatar School Sport Association)及卡達奧委會共同舉辦首屆國際學校體育總會大會，藉邀集超過全球40國學生體育專家及管理機構，正視國際學校運動之挑戰及未來發展，並提出學校運動對青少年運動員之影響，以及造就其長期成就之各項建議。該會亦於會議中成立學校體育基金會(School Sport Foundation)，提供發展中國家教練培訓、專家、體育器材及最佳成就獎助等援助項目，及協助解決發展中國家所面臨之困境。
2. 國際足總宣布2022世足冠軍戰將於 12月18日舉行 <賽事籌辦進度>
aipsmedia網站2015/03/19報導。國際足總(FédérationInternationaledeFootballAssociation，FIFA)宣布2022年世足冠軍戰將於12月18日舉行，恰逢主辦國卡達之國慶日。國際足總賽程委員會已於2015年2月底正式提案，並由國際足總執行委員會通過上述冠軍戰日期，並未採取歐洲足球協會(UnionofEuropeanFootballAssociations，UEFA)為錯開10月底至11月初之歐洲足球聯賽及冠軍聯賽，而提出於12月23日舉行冠軍戰之建議。
國際足總亦坦承2022年世足賽賽期應改為28天，而非現行之32天，歐洲足球協會亦需因冠軍賽之舉辦期程，將歐洲聯賽與冠軍聯賽改於11月1至3日舉行，以便世足參賽隊伍可有2週準備期，惟英格蘭超級聯賽(English Premier League)原訂之聖誕節/新年賽程將不受影響。
3. 聯合國兒童基金會與2015巴庫歐洲運動會共同推動兒童運動 <賽事籌辦進度>
aroundtherings 網站2015/03/16報導。聯合國兒童基金會(The United Nations Children's Fund，UNICEF)及2015巴庫歐洲運動會籌委會宣布，將進行全球首次合作，以豐富亞塞拜然年輕人之生活。該協議聲明，安全及無障礙運動有利於青少年生活，並可提升運動於賽事結束後對於社會資產發展之角色。該協議由亞塞拜然青年與運動部長暨2015巴庫歐洲運動會首席執行長拉希莫夫(Azad Rahimov)與聯合國兒童基金會歐洲暨中亞區域執行長普里耶(Marie-Pierre Poirier)共同簽署。拉希莫夫表示，身為一個年輕國家，將致力投資於年輕人，以確保其永續發展之未來，並欣然與聯合國兒童基金會密切合作，以活化歐洲運動會之資產，且將透過全國性運動鼓勵兒童及青少年參與。該協議將提供亞塞拜然21個行政區線上諮詢平台，所獲議題將納入全國青少年會議有關安全及無障礙運動之議案，前述會議將於巴庫歐洲運動會前2天舉辦。該協議進一步關注並鼓勵年輕人參與社區運動，並可充分利用全國各地先進之運動設施。
普里耶表示，2015巴庫歐洲運動會代表著社會各界投資兒童與青少年之特有合作平台，更成為投資社會最有效之方式，同時亦提供研議「亞塞拜然男女安全及無障礙運動之權力」及「運動於協助弱勢兒童及青少年之角色」等內容之機會。透過該計畫，青少年將有機會討論運動於其生活之重要性，並提供與於亞塞拜然舉辦之一級方程式賽車歐洲大獎賽、伊斯蘭團結運動會及2020歐洲杯足球賽等歐洲運動會及未來重要運動賽事相連結之機會。而為推廣兒童參與運動之重要性，2015巴庫歐洲運動會亦將協助聯合國兒童基金會，透過官方運動轉播頻道及社群媒體，將歐洲運動會選手及全球觀眾之熱情呈現予全球兒童。
4. 巴黎將申辦2024年奧運 <賽事申辦訊息>
aipsmedia 網站2015/03/16報導。2024年距1924年巴黎奧運會正好屆滿一百年，巴黎亦是奧運發起人古伯丁(Pierre de Coubertin)之故鄉，因此巴黎申辦2024年奧運象徵意義濃厚。該市預計於今夏前提出正式申請聲明。法國運動部長布列拉(Thierry Braillar)表示，申辦奧運有如參加一場馬拉松，而非百米短跑，是以跑完42公里之成績做為評選標準，而非剛起跑之100公尺，藉以比喻巴黎人申辦奧運之時機甚佳。
巴黎申辦作法不僅與羅馬市長盛大宣布其申辦企圖之方式不同，亦與多數可能舉辦國家大相逕庭。儘管法國已表達申辦奧運於民眾及政治方面之重要性，該國仍採取較謹慎之策略，且尚在調整待議事項，以保留足夠時間規劃相關細節。
國際體育記者聯合會(Association Internationale De La Press Sportive, AIPS)告知法國奧委會主席Denis Masseglia，如從最差之局面來看，巴黎舉辦2024奧運賽事之實際運動支出恐將達1百億歐元，但是法國奧會主席就興建運動基礎建設，提出令人意外之低預算目標。8成場館為既有場館，該市僅需再興建水上運動中心與2座室內運動館，其餘預算將用於法國運動場等場館之翻新。每項投資計畫除做為舉辦奧運之用，更期能永續長存於巴黎。
巴黎新聞指出，巴黎奧運全球預算將達62億歐元，其中32億歐元將直接投入奧運籌備，剩下30億歐元將用於都市基礎建設(17億為運動、13億為交通與通訊)。法國奧委會主席表示，巴黎申奧將完全符合國際奧會之奧林匹克2020改革議程，同時承諾不會增加公債。據2月中旬之民調結果，高達78%之法國民眾支持巴黎申辦奧運
5. 麻薩諸塞大學研究顯示奧運將刺激經濟成長 <賽事申辦訊息>
metrowestdailynews 網站2015/03/18報導。由美國麻薩諸塞大學多諾霍研究所(Donohue Institute at the University of Massachusetts))和波士頓非營利基金會(the nonprofit Boston Foundation)發布之最新報告表示，倘若波士頓獲選主辦2024年奧運會，麻州將可創造數十億美元之經濟活動，惟指出尚有待解決之議題。該報告分析2024波士頓申奧籌委會之初步預算計畫，認為舉辦2024年奧運會對經濟不必然帶來利多，亦未反應出可能發生之經濟負面狀況。該報告指出，舉辦奧運可能產生經濟淨獲利，然而該獲利需依據精確之預算管理及有效之規劃，以避免重蹈曾舉辦奧運城市之成本大舉超支的慘痛先例。
該報告估算總興建工程預算38億美元中之21億元，將直接使麻州企業受益，並於2024奧運舉辦前6年內，創造或援助約24,000個工作機會。至於其他與奧運會相關之安全、資訊技術和場地管理等營運支出，估計約為53億美元，其中29億美元將有利於該州之企業，並於賽事舉行當年度，於麻州創造約5萬個工作機會。此外，除平時湧入之遊客，2024夏天之觀光人潮亦可能為麻州帶來3億美元之額外收入。儘管如此，該報告仍表示，實質性問題依然存在於奧運申辦及預算之財政現實面。
奧運實際支出成本經常超出預算規劃，籌辦方處理超支費用之方式將影響原先經濟預測。2024波士頓申奧籌委會首席執行長戴維(Richard Davey)於報告發布前接受採訪表示，籌委會已瞭解避免預算超支之重要性。然而反對波士頓申辦奧運之團體則認為，經濟發展將僅限於建築等少數行業，對教育和醫療保健領域幫助有限。
6. 漢堡將代表德國申辦2024奧運會 <賽事申辦訊息>
japantoday網站2015/03/17報導。德國奧委會日前選擇漢堡市代表該國申辦2024奧運會，替國際奧運申辦城增加第3位重量級競爭者。委員會委託進行之民調結果顯示，64％之漢堡居民支持申奧，柏林則只有55％之市民支持率，惟反對申奧之漢堡居民已計劃將發起反對運動。委員會主席霍曼(Alfons Hoermann)於宣布前述決定時表示，漢堡具有極佳且簡潔之規劃概念，符合國際奧會改革進程。漢堡奧運計畫預計將於港口市中心舉辦賽事，且大部分的活動皆位於半徑10公里內，惟與柏林於1936年舉辦之奧運會相較，漢堡仍需興建更多設施。
霍曼表示，德國33個體育聯合會中，共有18個支持漢堡、11個支持柏林、4個沒意見。德國奧委會亦已於諮詢體育、政治、工業界及相關團體後，於3月21日大會上通過，由漢堡代表該國申辦2024奧運會。波士頓和羅馬已經宣布將申辦2024奧運會，巴黎亦將於近期加入戰局，其他可能申辦城市包括巴庫、布達佩斯及伊斯坦堡。申請參加奧運申辦城市之期限至今年9月15日，而選拔日預定於2017年。
7. 南非德班市將藉主辦2022大英國協運動會躍升為世界級城市 <賽事申辦訊息>
insidethegames 網站2015/03/17報導。2014格拉斯哥大英國協運動會暨大英國協運動會聯合會(the Commonwealth Games Federation, GGF)首席執行長葛瑞凡伯格(David Grevemberg)表示，德班市(Durban)若循格拉斯哥去年主辦模式，將可於主辦2022大英國協運動會後，一躍而為世界級城市。舉辦該賽事將提供南非城市優先施行有利於整體社會計畫之機會，舉辦賽事相關之公共建設不必然僅提供賽事所用，亦可有助於其他與世界級及社區發展相關之企劃。
格拉斯哥居民主要受益於當時7000名運動員及官員所居住之選手村，現已整修為300戶私人住宅，400戶社會出租住宅以及120張床位之老人照護中心，而德班亦已提出類似模式，預計於賽事結束後，重建選手村為家庭住宅，以滿足該城市之住宅需求。
大型體育賽事經費支出已面臨潮湧而來之批評，然而2014格拉斯哥大英國協運動會實際支出卻比預算低3200萬英鎊。葛瑞凡伯格表示，籌辦團隊經由有效執行力，創造既經濟實惠又可吸引全球目光之賽事。該運動會80％之經費由政府資助。對籌辦方而言，有效使用經費，並將節省而來之經費回饋予納稅人，代表賽事舉辦非常成功。
8. 國際自由車總會將進行男女混合賽測試 <賽事規則變革>
路透社2015/03/17報導。隨著國際奧會(International Olympic Committee, IOC)主席巴赫(Thomas Bach)敦促各運動協會增進性別平等，國際自由車總會(International Cycling Union，UCI)主席庫克森(Brian Cookson)日前表示，該會已於上週於瑞士進行測試，倘若測試結果成功，自由車男女混合賽將成為2020東京奧運賽事之一。庫克森表示，確保場地賽及公路賽賽程數量為其優先考量，惟仍將尊重巴赫之建議。由於自由車運動從未舉辦男女混合賽，因此必須審視賽事施行細節，並需先進行場地測試賽。庫克森表示已有數個聯盟邀集年輕車手參與測試賽，且將可能包括公路團隊計時賽。
自由車教練及運動科學家表示，自由車男選手之速度約比女選手快10%至15％，故如讓雙方同場較勁，需尋求緩解差異之方案。如測試成功，國際自由車總會將對東京奧運提出增加男女混合賽之建議；若不成功，亦將提供報告予國際奧會參考。庫克森目前更關注2016里約奧運自由車場館興建狀況，里約奧運籌委會表示，賽場將於今年11月完成，並於明年3月進行測試賽。除自由車外，男女選手混合賽最快將於2018平昌冬奧之高山滑雪和競速雪橇項目上一同爭奪獎牌。
9. 國際自由車總會宣布多項反禁藥辦法 <運動禁藥管制>
aroundtherings 網站2015/03/13報導。國際自由車總會(International Cycling Union，UCI)於分析自由車獨立改革委員會(the Cycling Independent Reform Commission, CIRC)之報告與建議後，宣布將進一步強化反禁藥與治理等新措施，包括致力於建立車隊經理及醫生等資格審核過程中屬關鍵人員之必要條件；全力與世界反禁藥組織(World Anti-Doping Agency, WADA)及其他專家合作，分析新興物質及趨勢，以評估須納入禁用或監控清單之物質；與世界反禁藥組織合作，提升建立運動員生物護照個案之速度。為朝向更高品質與目標、更明確之反禁藥方向邁進，將進一步擴大自由車反禁藥基金會(the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation, CADF)之行動，以反映車手與紀律風險評估。與世界領先之實驗室合作評估現況，並與先前資料相比較，以瞭解以往成功案例之措施；透過新召募之經理人員，確保前述基金會與民間、刑事調查單位，以及海關等其他機構密切合作；主動與國家反禁藥機構締結資訊分享協議，以致力於雙方推動無禁藥運動之合作；透過獨立機構重啟檢舉計畫；透過世界反禁藥組織與藥界進一步合作，以監督及協助辯識禁用物質與攝入方式之最新發展；與世界反禁藥組織合作，支持運動員教育計畫；與自由車反禁藥基金會合作，建立更健全之儲存與再測試策略；鼓勵自由車反禁藥基金會於有必要與符合比例原則之情況下，提出夜間測試需求。
國際自由車總會主席庫克森(Brian Cookson)表示，前述重大措施顯示該會已汲取先前教訓及改革決心，以確保車手之公平競爭，作弊選手將面對嚴厲制裁，同時將持續致力於重拾人們對自由車運動之信心，並懇請參與該項運動者，於此關鍵時刻負起責任。
10. 國際奧會反禁藥基金獲各國政府捐贈645萬美元 <運動禁藥管制>
國際奧會2015/03/18新聞稿。世界反禁藥組織(WADA)宣布，世界各國政府承諾為未使用禁藥之運動員提供645萬美元，此舉將使聯合基金達到近1300萬美元。其中國際奧會和世界各國政府將各資助一半，目前包括中國、法國、象牙海岸、日本、紐西蘭、秘魯、卡達、沙烏地阿拉伯、南韓、土耳其、美國和瑞典皆已表態財務上之支持。
2020奧林匹克改革建議重要措施之一為建立2000萬美元之基金，藉以保護未使用禁藥之運動員，其中1000萬美元將使用於研究檢測禁藥及攝入方式之新興技術。國際奧會曾呼籲各國政府協助，以達成募集1000萬美元之目標，於世界反禁藥組織主席魯迪(Craig Reedie)之帶領下，已成功取得各國政府同意提供645萬美元之承諾，意味該組織掌控之基金預算將達近1300萬美元。
國際奧會將就2020奧林匹克改革建議所批准之1000萬美元(目前餘額為355萬美元)做為進行新的反禁藥研究之獨立基金。國際奧會為替奧林匹克運動規劃未來策略方針，已於去年12月2020奧林匹克改革議程討論期間，創建2000萬美元之基金，以保護未使用禁藥之運動員不受禁藥、打假球及貪腐等問題所擾。其中一半已指定資助反禁藥之社會及科學研究，另一半則將用於防範打假球。基金援用策略將為補強現有反禁藥研究計畫，而非重複使用至現有計畫中。各反禁藥組織表示需要相關替代方案，並聚焦於反禁藥各領域之創新研究，以促使反禁藥計畫大躍進之可能性，亦可對未使用禁藥之運動員之生活產生直接影響。
11. 國際學校體育總會與國際奧會攜手迎向學校體育發展之挑戰 <學校運動發展>
insidethegames 網站2015/03/19報導。國際學校體育總會(International School Sport Federation, ISF)會長派翠卡(Laurent Petrynka)表示，該會與國際奧會(IOC)在全球學校體育發展面臨同樣艱鉅之挑戰。派翠卡於六月當選會長後，以「2030年遠景」做為該會之長程計畫。他近期與國際奧會研商學校運動時表示，目前所有國家之學校運動不增反減，顯然推廣學校運動為當務之急。今年年初，國際奧會公佈新的指導方針，並將與聯合國教科文組織及其他國際組織共同合作，敦促各國政府及教育規劃者投資於前述組織所提供之體育教育計畫。
由於國際學校體育總會不擅於市場行銷或訊息傳播，該會近期與國際單項運動總會聯合會、所有奧運以及非奧運國際單項運動聯合會簽署協議，前述組織將負責行銷該會之旗艦活動-世界中學生運動會(Gymnasiade)。此外，該會正就其首次會議編製2份報告書，其中一份將向所有國家及國際各單項運動聯合會傳達有關學校體育之建議，另外一份報告書將自各會議工作小組及全員大會中彙整5項議案，預計將可於今年10月之執行委員會會議中獲准。有關世界學校運動之發展建議，預計可於2016年7月之會員大會表決通過。
12. 特殊奧運啟發學童不凡之處 <運動教育推廣>
dailypilot網站2015/03/17報導。加州灣景小學(Harbor View Elementary)學生將為2015年特殊奧運募款3000美元。先天腦性麻痺之特奧選手葛林(Joseph Gorin)於參加該校週一集會時表示，自己小時候想參加運動，卻被告知先天條件不適合，直到參與特殊奧運才有所改變。葛林曾參與壘球、籃球、排球、保齡球、田徑運動與高爾夫球等運動，目前最愛地板曲棍球。
2015年特殊奧運將於7月25日洛杉磯登場，紐波特海灘(Newport Beach)、科斯塔梅薩(Costa Mesa)及杭丁頓(Huntington)為其主辦城鎮。灣景小學學生表示，4月3日特奧募款嘉年華由超過60位4至6年級學生參與籌辦。而來自科斯塔梅薩之灣景小學姊妹校-波諾瑪小學亦將於當日協助支援。
13. 「為明日運動」預計於2020年前觸及1000萬人士 <2020東京奧運>
insidethegames網站2015/03/15報導。日本體育委員會(the Japan Sport Council, JSC)表示「為明日運動」計畫所追求的目標之一為幫助全球最貧窮之國家。該計畫有關志願服務之方案為派遣日本代表及運動指導員援助各國各項運動賽事，其專案經理表示，東京市將致力於協助全球最貧窮之國家推動奧林匹克及帕林匹克運動，目前正尋求與更多國家合作，達到於2020東京奧運舉辦前，觸及超過1000萬人之目標。該計畫所提出之三項行動方案已於2013年國際奧會(IOC)會議上正式發表，以做為東京成功申辦2020奧運和帕運會內容之一，並首次展示於非洲國際體育公約(Africa International Sports Convention, CISA)。該計畫包括被稱為「2020真實競賽」之反禁藥承諾，以社會科學之研究及開發大型反禁藥網絡，以推廣運動完整性等數項策略。該計畫另一項特點為整合「明日運動領導者學院(Academy for Tomorrow's Leaders)」，提供以運動管理做為終身職業、具備流利英語能力，並已完成4年大學學業之人士，接受奧林匹克教育課程。為培育未來運動界領導者，日本體育委員會將協助國內舉辦體育節活動，以發展全國學校體育。
14. 日本國會將於東京奧運前檢視同性戀及跨性別者歧視問題 <2020東京奧運>
pinknews網站2015/03/18報導。日本政治家已組成多黨派小組，以利於2020東京奧運會前檢視同性戀及跨性別族群之權利。邀集來自不同黨派38位立法者之小組，將研議索契冬奧而引發之同性戀及跨性別族群歧視議題。
索契冬奧期間，全球大舉譴責俄羅斯反同性戀法及普遍存在之歧視議題，外界擔心日本恐面臨類似議題。奧林匹克憲章已於索契冬奧發生歧視爭議後，更新相關章程，以保護同性戀及跨性別運動員及其權利。
前述多黨派小組將由自民黨成員長谷浩(Hiroshi Hase)領軍，檢視身為少數族群之性傾向人士於日本及全球各地所面臨之歧視問題。長谷浩表示，目前尚無立法計畫，但第一步為減少歧視。日本一向對於同性戀族群之議題非常保守，惟東京近來正式承認同性伴侶者，已有所增加。約43％日本民眾支持同性婚姻，超過一半表示反對，而日本首相安倍晉三曾表示他無法認同同性婚姻。
15. 曼聯與Bwin啟用博弈App <運動賭博雲端應用與平台服務>
aroundtherings 網站2015/03/16報導。足球俱樂部曼聯(Manchester United)與英國線上博弈投注商「必贏(Bwin)」合作，開發世界首見之現金下注應用程式(app)-「必贏曼聯賭場(Bwin Manchester United Casino)」，提供曼聯球迷更多元之服務及產品，啟用當日亦邀請先發球員出席。該應用程式以老特拉福球場(Old Trafford)為背景，提供3D虛擬賭場情境，消費者將由曼聯旗下虛擬球員迎接進場，並輔以影音導覽說明。
雙方之合作之已邁入第三季，必贏網站不僅提供舉辦於老特拉福球場賽事之即時投注服務，消費者更可享有獨家及優惠賠率。
曼聯球隊營運總監阿諾(Richard Arnold)表示，曼聯與必贏之合作始於2012年，曼聯十分滿意其提供消費者活潑、創新之高標準使用經驗。此應用程式之發布，代表雙方合作邁向別具意義之里程碑，更讓曼聯俱樂部與球迷間之關係更加密切。該應用程式目前僅限英國境內使用，Android系統已可從bwin.com/manutdcasino下載使用，iOS版則尚在籌備中。
16. 適合舉辦開放水域游泳賽事之氣溫探討 <其它>
swimmingworldmagazine 網站2015/03/16報導。近來美國與其他國家開始質疑開放水域游泳比賽之安全性，尤其是中暑等醫學上稱為「體溫過高」之議題。國際游泳總會(the Federation Internationale De Natation, FINA)已將開放水域游泳比賽水溫上限定為攝氏31度，而一項2013年之實驗亦支持此決議。研究顯示，於水溫攝氏32度之泳池游完5公里後，體溫只會提升2度，達攝氏39.7度。然而，許多人仍認為此上限過於寬鬆，因泳池比賽水溫上限僅為攝氏28度。
南加州大學物理治療穆勒博士(Dr. G. John Mullen)表示，開放水域游泳比賽存在許多待議問題，如於泳池進行之研究並無陽光幅射問題、泳池競賽之水溫並不會因氣溫上升而升高、頂尖開放水域游泳選手體脂通常較低、開放水域比賽距離遠長於游泳池競賽、頂尖游泳選手更能將個人生理體能推至極限等，故穆勒博士認為，開放水域游泳賽事之水溫上限，應低於前述研究結果，最好低於游泳池比賽上限，如10公里開放水域游泳競賽之水溫上限應訂為攝氏26度，5公里之水溫上限應為27度。
根據國際游泳聯合會（法語：Fédération Internationale de Natation，FINA）之定義，開放水域游泳意指為長距離且於河流、湖泊、海洋或其他水域等非泳池內舉辦之比賽，並依泳距區分為遠距游泳比賽(long-distance swimming)及馬拉松游泳比賽(marathon swimming)，前者為10公里以內，而後者泳距超過10公里。
17. 重量訓練有益於年長者 <其它>
wsj 網站2015/03/15報導。研究結果顯示，重量訓練有助於對抗年齡相關之疾病。研究對象卡瑞甘(Tim Carrigan)曾於兒時發生事故，導致肌力隨著年齡增長而逐漸流失，並產生偶發疼痛，造成其經年累月之困擾，更於50歲時下背部開始劇烈疼痛，以致幾乎無法走路。去年起，美國麻州保險公司提供每週2次整套重量訓練，54歲的卡瑞甘表示其體態狀態已明顯回升。
傳統觀念認為年長者體弱，不適合進行重量訓練，惟越來越多研究結果顯示，重量訓練有助於延緩與年齡相關之殘疾，維持婦女骨骼密度，甚至可提高智力。塔夫茨大學（Tufts University）尼爾森教授(Miriam Nelson)表示，年長者不運動更加危險。
該校及美國各地研究發現，年長者雖無法獲得如年輕人接受重訓般之顯著成效，但60歲之健康長者，無論男女，皆可於接受重訓半年至1年內，增加2至3磅肌肉，約達年輕人一半成效，且甚少造成損傷。此益處亦可與有氧運動形成互補作用，有氧運動促成之心血管訓練，可幫助提升背頌單字等記憶能力，而重量訓練則可提升執行能力或較高等級之大腦運作。
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資料來源：
http://www.insidethegames.biz/anoc/continental-associations/oca/1026217-qatar-olympic-academy-sign-mou-with-international-school-sport-federation
Qatar Olympic Academy sign MoU with International School Sport Federation
The Qatar Olympic Academy (QOA) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International School Sport Federation (ISF) here tday. The Qatar Olympic Committee (QOC), of which the QOA is a subcommittee, has enjoyed a long partnership with the ISF, who holding their inaugural Convention here this week. Doha hosted the 2009 ISF Gymnasiade and last week's ISF Tennis World Schools Championships at the prestigious Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex. Sheikh Saoud Bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani, secretary general of the QOC and President of the QOA, claimed the MoU will "serve to strengthen and build on the relationship" between the two parties. The QOA was founded in 2006 with the aim of becoming a leading academy for sports and Olympic education nationally, in the Arabic-speaking region and within the international Olympic Movement. The ISF is a global governing body for school sport and holds international competitions to encourage education through sport. "The Qatar Olympic Academy is extremely happy to sign a Memorandum of Understanding with the International School Sport Federation," said Sheikh Saoud. "Youth is a central theme of the IOC's (International Olympic Committee) Agenda 2020 recommendations and we all have a responsibility to address the challenges that youth sports faces. "We look forward to working together with the ISF to develop best practice for the future of school sport globally." The QOC will now work with the ISF to share the success of its Schools Olympic Programme (SOP), which was launched as a legacy of the 2006 Asian Games and has grown from 7,099 participants from 300 schools in its inaugural year, to 25,454 students from over 461 schools in 2014. The number of sports on the programme has also risen this year to a total of 14, including Olympic and Paralympic sports.
Students compete throughout the school year with the ultimate goal of qualifying for the finals, currently taking place at the famous Aspire Dome, another legacy of the 2006 Asian Games. Sheikh Saoud claimed that as many as 29,319 students across Qatar have benefitted from the SOP this school year alone. "There is no better way to introduce our young people to sport at a grassroots level, educate through the values of sport and develop healthy and responsible members of society," he said "We want as many schools as possible in as many countries as possible around the world to enjoy the same benefits that our Qatari children enjoy." The inaugural ISF Convention, jointly hosted by the ISF, Qatar School Sport Association and the QOC, aims to address the challenges and future of global school sport by bringing together school sport experts and authorities from more than 40 countries. These include President of the International Olympic Academy, Isidoros Kouvelos, executive director of SportandDev, Jutta Englehardt, and vice-president of Sport and Citizenship, Vincent Chaudel. The two-day Convention will conclude tomorrow with a series of recommendations that will address how the impact of school sport on young athletes can be increased and determine the approach for long-term success. "We express our sincere gratitude to the Qatar Olympic Committee for hosting the ISF Convention and for their support for the ISF," said Laurent Petrynka, President of the ISF. "Not only is Qatar the world capital of sport but it does not forget about its schoolchildren. "We are very pleased to sign an MoU with the Qatar Olympic Academy and we look forward to promoting the good practices of the Schools Olympic Programme to the whole world. "This inaugural ISF Convention has been extremely important in progressing the ISF and deciding its future. "The recommendations that have been made will be presented as a book of guidelines to all educational ministries around the world in order to promote school sport and ensure that there is more sport and more physical education in schools. "We want to make a difference to the lives of all schoolchildren." The ISF has also used the opportunity to launch their School Sport Foundation, which aims to tackle many of the problems that developing countries face with school sport development by providing support for teacher training, school sport authorities, sport equipment provision and rewarding best practices. The ISF and QOC called on the Convention's delegates to support this cause and help it achieve its fundraising goals. "We believe in the vision and mission of the ISF and this Convention is very important to us," added Ali Al-Hitmi, secretary general of the Qatar Schools Sport Federation. "In the past few months our teams have worked hard to provide an atmosphere for a high level meeting and workshops that allows us together to promote the ISF's vision and support its targets." The ISF was founded in 1972 and has 80 member nations from five continents. Participants at the ISF Convention will be able to attend the eighth edition of the SOP finals on Friday (March 20) and witness the success of the programme first-hand.
附件2.
資料來源：
http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=16025&tp=n
FIFA settles on December 18 for World Cup Final in 2022
LONDON, March 19, 2015 - World federation FIFA has settled on December 18 as the date for the World Cup Final in 2022. This is, in effect, another snub for European federation UEFA which had wanted December 23 so as to delay the inevitable halt to the continent's major league programmes at the end of October, start of November.
FIFA's ‗calendar commission' had come up last month with a formal recommendation for a November-December World Cup which was put in front of the executive committee today.
The general proposal was approved with the precise dates having been left for for the exco. President Sepp Blatter, not unusually, disagreed with the European federation which is supporting three candidates against him in the forthcoming FIFA presidential election.
Three weeks ago, while in Belfast for the International Board annual meeting, Blatter said he would propose December 18 so as not to cut into preparations for the Christmas holiday.
Blatter has got his way.
FIFA had already conceded that the finals in 2022 should last 28 days rather than the usual, current 32. A December 18 final also suits the hosts because that date is Qatar's National Day.
Allowing for all teams to ‗enjoy' two weeks' preparation the domestic leagues in Europe would have to shut down on Saturday and Sunday October 29 and 30. UEFA would hope to squeeze in ties in the Champions League and Europa League on November 1-3.
The consolation for the English Premier League of a December 18 Final would mean that the traditional Christmas/New Year programme would be unaffected by the winter switch.
附件3.
資料來源：
http://www.aroundtherings.com/site/A__50554/Title__UNICEF-and-Baku-2015-European-Games-launch-partnership-to-harness-the-power-of-sport-for-all-children/292/Articles
UNICEF and Baku 2015 European Games launch partnership to harness the power of sport for all children
UNICEF and the Baku 2015 European Games Operations Committee have announced a world-first collaboration that seeks to enrich the lives of young people in Azerbaijan. The agreement gives adolescents a voice on how safe and inclusive sport can benefit their lives, and enhances their role in the development of a social legacy of the Games. The agreement was signed by Mr Azad Rahimov, Azerbaijan's Minister of Youth and Sports and Chief Executive Officer of Baku 2015, and Ms Marie-Pierre Poirier, UNICEF Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia. Minister Rahimov said: "As a young country ourselves, we are committed to investing in our youth to secure a sustainable future. We are delighted to be working closely with UNICEF to maximise the legacy of the European Games and deliver opportunities to involve children and young people through sport across all of Azerbaijan."
The agreement will include online consultations in 21 districts of Azerbaijan which will feed into a National Adolescent Consultation on Safe and Inclusive Sport, to take place in Baku two days before the Games. A further focus of the agreement is on encouraging young people to become involved in sport in their communities and make full use of the numerous state-of-the-art sport facilities built across the country. Ms Poirier said: "We know that all around the world, sport is a very powerful tool to inspire passion, bring people together, and communicate important messages about children's rights on a massive scale." " "The Baku 2015 Games represent a unique platform for collaboration between all sectors of society to invest in children and adolescents as the most effective way to invest in society as a whole. The Games provide us with a great opportunity to discuss the right to safe and inclusive sport for Azerbaijani boys and girls, and the role of sport as a tool for the inclusion of the most disadvantaged children and adolescents." Simon Clegg, Chief Operating Officer of Baku 2015, added: "This agreement between UNICEF and Baku 2015 is an embodiment of the Olympic spirit that the European Games are bringing to Azerbaijan. My team and I are incredibly excited about how, together with UNICEF, we can deliver life-changing opportunities through sport to the country's youth." " Through the programme, adolescents will have the opportunity to discuss the importance of sport in their lives and the opportunities linked to Azerbaijan's hosting of the European Games and future major sporting events such as the Formula 1 European Grand Prix, the Islamic Solidarity Games and UEFA 2020 matches. They will also exchange information and views on the legacy of sporting events with peers from Brazil, a country that has hosted and will host another global sporting event.
Under this agreement, Baku 2015 will also support UNICEF in promoting the importance of children's participation in sport through official broadcasting channels and social media, bringing the passion of Baku 2015 athletes and spectators around the world to the cause of all children.
附件4.
資料來源：
http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=15997&tp=n
An Olympic century: Paris sets sights on 2024
PARIS, March 16, 2015 - Picture it. The 33rd Olympic Games organised in Paris in 2024, exactly a century after the Games held in 1924. A century of Olympics in the homeland of Pierre de Coubertin;
the symbol is vivid. The city will make an official statement before the summer but all lights seem to be green for a 'tricolor' candidature.
Perfect timing "A candidature for the Olympic Games is a marathon, not a 100 meter race. There is no need to rush. If Paris decides to run for the Games, we will be judged after 42 kilometers, not after the first few hectometers." Through this good turn of phrase, French Secretary of State for Sports, Thierry Braillard, underlined the ability of the Parisians to manage the timing of a bid, an element of such importance in this matter. Braillard was present during the 78th AIPS Congress in Paris in March, where he officially opened the Congress in the Louvre Museum.
Despite a clear popular and political interest for the 2024 Games, France looks to have taken on a more cautionary strategy by fixing a clear agenda and leaving enough time for detailed planning. The Parisian project seems to differ from not only from Rome, whose candidature was triumphantly announced by mayor Matteo Renzo early on in December, but also from other potential host countries.
In mid-February, the French Olympic Committee (CNOSF) handed back a report that stated the « feasibility » of the Olympic Games in Paris for 2024.
Henceforth, the destiny of the French candidature resides in the hands of Parisian politics. In fall 2014, the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo watered downed the enthusiasm of the French nation, and its President François Hollande, emphasizing the budget issues. Since then, the "very positive" opportunity study realized by the CNOSF has changed the deal. On Thursday, Miss Hidalgo showed strong signs of a politic interest at the morning talk-show of "France Inter", first channel of the national radio. "There is an adventure, a story to be written", she argued.
Agenda 2020 "The actual sportive cost of the 2024 games in Paris would rise up to 1 billion Euros, worst case scenario." AIPS also spoke to President of the French Olympic Committee Denis Masseglia, at the "Maison du Sport" where the 78th AIPS Congress was held. The CNOSF president targeted a surprising low budget for the construction of new sportive infrastructures. "80% of our venues already exist. We only have to build an aquatic center and two indoor halls. The rest of the budget will be aimed at renovations, such as the Stade de France. Every investment will have a life in the future of Paris, beyond the Games."
As enlighted by the French newspaper LeMonde, the global budget would raise to 6.2 billion euro. 3.2 of these will concern the actual organization while the others 3 will go to city infrastructures investments (1.7 for sport, 1.3 for transportation and communication). As explained by Masseglia, the Parisian candidature is in perfect line with the IOC's new Agenda 2020. The French capital defends a human-scale project that will not increase the public debt. On paper, everything seems perfect. Will the reality be different?
"Early proponents of hosting an event in a particular city find it in their interest to underrepresent the true costs while they seek public endorsement. And as would-be host cities enter into competition with other bidders, there is a natural tendency to match their competitors' proposals and to add bells and whistles to their plans."
Professor of Economics at Smith College, Andrew Zimbalist, exposed, in an article published in March 2010 by the International Monetary Fund, the deviance of the Olympic organization committees. The "winner's curse" kept growing since Seoul 1988. London 2012, Sochi 2014 and Rio 2016, did not seem to change their philosophy. Recognising that the Games in Great-Britain were a "mistake", Tessa Jowell, minister for the Olympics and Paymaster General, made a surprising statement at a leisure dinner in 2008, according to the London Telegraph."Had we known what we know now, would we have bid for the Olympics? Almost certainly not." Agenda 2020 was a virulent call by the IOC for a new mentality. Only time will tell if the French promises will resist to the economic realities. Nevertheless, Paris 2024 may be a turning point in Olympic history.
Popular support Denis Masseglia defended the Paris feasibility study, calling it a file "based on a deep reflection." Masseglia added that the time invested in the feasibility study in the, still conditional, second phase of the candidature would not be time wasted, whether Paris submitted an official bid or not. "We must stay humble. We will construct a sturdy base, a methodology, an agenda, that we must respect. We don't want to solve have to problems afterwards. This preliminary study will be a strong point of reference later on."
The Paris city council, and then the State of Ile-de-France, will debate on this dossier in the coming period. A Parisian candidature may be presented "before the summer". The final recommendations of the Mayor and the French President have already been secured. A resolutely high 78% of the French population is in favor of the Olympic Games organization, according to a poll published in mid-February by the CSA Institute. In conclusion, Denis Masseglia insisted on a key point, "A project like this has to have national support. The enthusiasm of the French people must be placed in the centre." In recent history, France has four heavy defeats in the race for Olympic Games - Lille 2004, Paris 2008 and 2012, along with Annecy for the 2018 Winter Games. The French Olympic Movement looks to have learned its lesson and changed. In an innovative Olympic context, Paris has taken a new path in order to accomplish a century of Olympics in Paris, from 1924 to 2024. Despite the political reserve, it seems only a matter of time before Paris 2024's official candidature launch.
附件5.
資料來源：
http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/article/20150318/NEWS/150316010/1994/NEWS
Olympics would boost economy
BOSTON — Massachusetts could reap billions of dollars in economic activity if Boston is chosen to host the 2024 Olympics, the authors of a new report suggest, while adding there are still many questions that cloud the forecast.
The study, released Wednesday by the Donohue Institute at the University of Massachusetts and the nonprofit Boston Foundation, analyzed preliminary budget plans drawn up by Boston 2024, the independent group organizing the city's bid for Summer Games.
"The findings, not surprisingly, neither suggest that holding the 2024 Olympic Games is an economic slam dunk for the city, nor do they reflect the economic disaster scenarios painted by some," said Paul Grogan, president of the Boston Foundation, in a preface to the 41-page report.
"Instead, they show that the Olympics could be a net economic positive, but that success will depend upon smart budgeting and effective planning to avoid some of the huge cost overruns that have bedeviled some Olympics host cities in the past," wrote Grogan.
Boston was selected by the United States Olympic Committee as the U.S. bidder for 2024. The International Olympic Committee is expected to choose a host city in 2017; Rome and Hamburg, Germany, are also slated to bid, and Paris is among other possible contenders.
The report estimates that $2.1 billion out of a total $3.8 billion in Olympic construction activity would directly benefit Massachusetts firms, creating or supporting 24,000 jobs over a roughly six-year period leading up to 2024.
Of the estimated $5.3 billion in other operational spending related to the Olympics, such as security, information technology and venue management, the study projects that $2.9 billion would benefit in-state companies and, during the year the games are held, create some 50,000 jobs in Massachusetts. Tourism in the summer of 2024, beyond the normal influx of visitors, could generate an additional $300 million in spending for the state economy, the report said.
Nonetheless, the authors sprinkle cautionary tones and red flags throughout the report. They warn against trying to attach a single figure to potential economic benefits, saying "substantive questions still remain regarding the bid and the fiscal realities of the budget forecast."
Actual Olympic costs often exceed initial budget estimates, the report notes, and how organizers handle any cost overruns could weigh on the overall economic prognosis.
Boston 2024 chief executive Richard Davey, in an interview Tuesday prior to release of the report, said organizers were conscious of the need to avoid overruns, devising strategies that include insurance policies to protect against unanticipated delays in project delivery.
"We're trying to think creatively as well in how we keep our costs down," said Davey.
In a statement, No Boston Olympics said Wednesday's report echoed the group's own longstanding concern that taxpayers would be at risk of having to cover potential overruns in Olympic spending. The group also argued that economic development would be limited to construction and a few other industries, while doing little for areas such as education and health care.
附件6.
資料來源：
http://www.japantoday.com/category/sports/view/hamburg-to-bid-for-2024-olympics
Hamburg to bid for 2024 Olympics
German Olympic officials selected Hamburg over Berlin on Monday to bid for the 2024 Olympics, adding a third international contender to what is shaping up as a high-profile field.
The 10-member board of Germany's national Olympic committee announced its recommendation after a day of deliberations.
The decision is expected to be ratified Saturday at the committee's general assembly. It also has to pass a referendum expected to be held later this year in Hamburg, a port city in northern Germany.
A recent poll commissioned by the committee had 64 percent of Hamburg residents backing an Olympic bid, while only 55 percent of citizens of the capital supported a candidacy.
Opponents of the Hamburg bid already have announced plans to campaign against the Olympics.
Both cities presented their case over the weekend and the Olympic committee consulted on Monday with representatives from sports, politics, industry and other groups.
"Both cities presented excellent concepts," committee president Alfons Hoermann said in announcing the decision. "Hamburg has a fascinating and compact concept that fits excellently into the IOC reform process."
Only seven members of the board took part in the vote and Hoermann indicated the decision was not unanimous, without giving the breakdown. Hoermann said he abstained from voting.
Of the 33 German sports federation, 18 favored Hamburg, while 11 supported Berlin, with four having no preference, Hoermann said.
Hamburg will need to build more facilities than the capital, which hosted the 1936 Olympics.
Boston and Rome have already announced bids for the 2024 Games. Paris is also expected to join the field soon. Other possible contenders include Baku, Azerbaijan; Budapest, Hungary; and Istanbul, Turkey.
The deadline for submission of bids to the International Olympic Committee is Sept 15. The host city will be selected in 2017.
Germany has not staged an Olympics since the 1972 Summer Games in Munich. Munich failed in a bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics and dropped a planned bid for the 2022 Winter Games after it was rejected in a referendum.
German soccer officials also want to bid for the 2024 European Championship. It is unlikely Germany would be awarded both the Olympics and the soccer tournament.
Hamburg's Olympic plans call for the games to be located centrally in the harbor of the city, which has a population of about 1.7 million.
Most of the events would he held within a 10-kilometer (six-mile) radius.
Hamburg, the biggest city in northern Germany, is famous for its harbor on the River Elbe and its raucous nightlife in the Reeperbahn district. A former Hanseatic League city, it is northern Germany's commercial and cultural center.
It is also home to the Hamburger SV club in the Bundesliga and the popular St. Pauli second-division team.
附件7.
資料來源：
http://www.insidethegames.biz/commonwealth-games/2022/1026189-exclusive-durban-can-build-world-class-projects-by-hosting-2022-commonwealth-games-claims-cgf-chief-executive
Durban can build "world-class" projects by hosting 2022 Commonwealth Games, claims CGF chief executive
Durban can build a world-class city on the back of hosting the 2022 Commonwealth Games if they follow the example set by Glasgow last year, it has been claimed.
David Grevemberg, chief executive of Glasgow 2014, who now holds the same role at the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), claimed that staging the event will afford the South African city the opportunity to prioritise projects that will benefit the whole community. "There is infrastructure that is brought forward by the Games, but not necessarily for the Games," Grevemberg, attending the inaugural Inter-Regional Sports Policy Summit organised by the International Centre for Sports Security here, told insidethegames. "The Games provides a fantastic opportunity to accelerate projects and bring things forward, that should be world-class and community related."
The main benefit to citizens in Glasgow was the Athletes' Village, home to around 7,000 athletes and officials during the Commonwealth Games, but which has now renovated into 300 private homes, 400 homes for social rent and a care home for the elderly containing 120 beds. A similar model has been proposed by Durban, the only bidder for the Games following the withdrawal last month of Edmonton. The plan to redevelop the Village into family accommodation after the Games to meet the city's housing needs. "We can get a real community cohesion and involvement and I see no reason why that should change at either Gold Coast [2018] or Durban and that's the role of the [CGF] Board and the Organising Committee," said Grevemberg. "I think everyone shares that sense of responsibility and we'll hold each other to account in order to achieve that, it's a really important part of the puzzle now." Mega sports events have faced mounting criticism recently for how much they cost but Glasgow 2014 was delivered £32 million ($48 million/€45 million) under budget. "We aimed to create a Games that was both affordable and had a universal appeal, we did that by working efficiently and effectively, and we were very outcome focused," said Grevemberg. "Just because we had the money, didn't mean that we had to spend the money, we also managed our risks with a great degree of seriousness."
The Games in the Scottish capital saw more than 4,800 athletes from 71 nations competing across 17 sports, cost a total £543 million ($811 million/€769 million), while public funding was £37.2 million
($55.5 million/€52.6 million) less than anticipated. "Glasgow 2014 was 80 per cent Government funded, for us to be able to spend effectively and to be able to have an underspend like we did, giving money back to the taxpayer is by all means a real success story," Grevemberg said. "We are delighted to do that, but it was by design and not by accident. "It wasn't a huge surprise, it was the right Games, at the right time, at the right place."
附件8.
資料來源：
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/17/us-cycling-uci-mixed-idUSKBN0MD1OO20150317
UCI to conduct trials for mixed-gender events
(Reuters) - Mixed-gender cycling events could form part of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics if experiments prove successful, Brian Cookson, president of the sport's governing body, said on Tuesday.
With IOC president Thomas Bach pushing sports federations to improve gender equality, Cookson said trials would begin behind closed doors in Switzerland on Friday.
Men and women could compete against each other in sports such as Alpine skiing and bobsleigh as soon as the Pyeongchang Winter Games in 2018.
Cookson said that safeguarding the amount of medal events in track and road cycling was his priority, but was open to Bach's proposals.
"When the president of the IOC raises something you all take it seriously of course," Cookson told reporters at a sports business breakfast forum.
"We have no history of (mixed-gender events) in our sport so we would have to look at how we could make those things work.
"We have to be open-minded so what we are going to do is have some test events at our velodrome where the UCI is based on Friday, behind closed doors." Asked to provide more details, Cookson said several national federations had been invited to send young riders to the trial, with the madison and team sprint disciplines being looked at as well as a possible road team time trial.
"It will have to be very carefully managed," he said. "Coaches and sports scientists tell me men are between 10 to 15 percent faster than women in any given cycling event so we would have to find ways to moderate that difference if they are going to be competing at the same time.
"(If it is successful) we would be prepared to put it on the table for Tokyo. If it's a disaster and doesn't work we can report back to the IOC and say we tried it but it's impractical, let's see."
Cookson's immediate Olympic concern is the state of the velodrome being built for the 2016 Rio Olympics.
"It's more advanced than I had feared but there is a lot of work still to do," he said. "A lot of concrete to pour.
"(Rio organizers) say the velodrome will be complete in November with a test event in March. When I was there I reminded them that there is no time to lose.
"It's a tight schedule and I have my concerns about it but I'm confident they will deliver."
附件9.
資料來源：
http://www.aroundtherings.com/site/A__50533/Title__The-UCI-announces-further-anti-doping-measures-following-CIRC-report-and-recommendations/292/Articles
The UCI announces further anti-doping measures following CIRC report and recommendations
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) has today announced a number of measures to further strengthen anti-doping and governance following a careful analysis of the Cycling Independent Reform Commission (CIRC) report and recommendations published earlier this week. They build on a raft of reforms that have been put in place since Brian Cookson became UCI President in September 2013. Commenting on the new measures announced today, UCI President Brian Cookson said: "I am absolutely determined to use the CIRC's report to ensure that cycling continues the process of fully regaining the trust of fans, broadcasters and all the riders who compete clean. We value the recommendations of the CIRC and have now established an internal task force to ensure the recommendations are properly followed up. In the meantime, I can already confirm that we will: • Work to enshrine a fit-and-proper-persons requirement in the team licensing process, focussed on the key roles in the staff, such as sports directors and doctors; • Work with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and other experts to analyse new substances and trends, to assess what should be added to the prohibited or monitored lists; • Work with WADA to improve the speed of athlete biological passport cases; • Further build on the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation (CADF)'s move towards even higher quality and more targeted approach to anti-doping that reflects rider and discipline risk assessment; • Work with the world's leading laboratories to undertake a prevalence study to assess the current situation and compare it with data from previous years across disciplines and nations. This study will assist in targeting and also build a clear picture of how successful anti-doping measures in cycling have been; • Ensure that the CADF work more closely with civil and criminal authorities and others such as customs through a newly recruited Intelligence Manager, in order to guarantee that information gathered in investigations is shared as effectively as possible; • Actively pursue the conclusion of sharing agreements with National Anti-Doping Agencies (NADOs) to ensure that we collaborate as closely as possible with others involved in working for a clean sport; • Re-launch our whistleblower programme, through an independent agency, in support of the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code which places a duty on riders and team staff to report any circumstances they become aware of that may constitute an anti-doping rule violation; • Build on our existing collaboration through WADA with the pharmaceutical industry to monitor new developments and assist in identifying banned substances and methods; • Work with WADA to support athlete education programmes and ensure that current and former riders play an active part in them; • Work with the CADF to build a more robust and comprehensive storage and re-testing strategy; • Encourage the CADF to order night-time testing where they believe it is necessary and proportionate.
"The new set of measures will build on the significant changes that have been put in place since I became UCI President in September 2013. During this time, the UCI has undergone a full independent audit of its anti-doping operations. We have established a strict internal governance process to ensure that the President or administration cannot interfere in operational anti-doping matters and that all major case decisions are reviewed externally and a full audit trail is retained to ensure total accountability. "We have reinvigorated our Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) Committee and now all TUE decisions must be unanimously approved by three members. This commitment goes beyond what is required by the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions (ISTUE). We have ended conflicts with key stakeholders and established strong working relationship with WADA, and the major NADOs, including the US Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). We have established an Anti-Doping Tribunal that will allow consistent, clear and efficient decisions on cases for international riders, putting the UCI in line with almost all other International Federations and ending the process whereby cases were referred to the rider's National Federation for judgement. "We have introduced far reaching sanctions on teams with two members in a year who are found to have doped - including suspension from competition plus a fine of 5% of the team budget. Such sanctions go beyond the mandatory sanctions provided for by the World Anti-Doping Code. I have ensured that more staffing and resources have been allocated to anti-doping than ever before. We have also worked with the professional teams and independent experts to establish clear new internal operational requirements for teams (the "cahier des charges") to ensure that all riders are properly supported and supervised and that the necessary structures are in place to prevent riders doping. "Our efforts over the past 18 months have also been invested in the establishment of important new governance measures including a reinvigorated Ethics Commission and a process of revising and updating the UCI Constitution in order to improve transparency of the UCI at all levels. In particular, this revision process concerns the UCI Presidential election which clearly needs significant improvement and I strongly believe we should implement a more representative electoral system. "These significant measures, together with the developments I have announced today, show the absolute commitment I and my UCI colleagues have to ensure riders win clean and that the minority who choose to cheat are caught and face severe sanctions after fair and fast disciplinary proceedings in full respect of due process. They also demonstrate that the UCI is now a very different organisation compared to even a few years ago and that we make sure lessons are learnt and mistakes not repeated. As I predicted, the CIRC report made for uncomfortable reading but it is imperative that we do not shy away from tough decisions. We will continue to focus on rebuilding trust in our great sport that touches the lives of millions of people across the world, and I appeal to everyone in the sport to take their responsibilities at this pivotal moment." Union Cycliste Internationale
附件10.
資料來源：
http://www.olympic.org/news/world-governments-contribute-usd-6-45-million-to-ioc-s-usd-10-million-anti-doping-fund/244106
World governments contribute USD 6.45 million to IOC's USD 10 million anti-doping fund
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has announced pledges of USD 6.45 million from world governments in the fight for the clean athletes which will create a joint fund of nearly USD 13 million.
One of the first initiatives of Olympic Agenda 2020 was the creation of a USD 20 million fund to protect the clean athletes, 10 million of which was to be used in particular to research new techniques to detect prohibited substances and methods. The IOC had called on governments to match the USD 10 million, and WADA, under the presidency of Sir Craig Reedie, has successfully secured pledges of USD 6.45 million, meaning that the WADA-administered fund will have a starting budget of almost USD 13 million.
The USD 13 million joint fund represents a 50-50 split between the IOC and world governments that responded to a call to match the IOC funding. China, France, Ivory Coast, Japan, New Zealand, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Turkey, the United States and Sweden have pledged their financial support.
The IOC will also administer the balance that remains from the full USD 10 million it approved as part of Olympic Agenda 2020 (remaining balance is USD 3.55 million) as a separate fund for new anti-doping research in the fight against doping. This will be allocated by the IOC to researchers involved in athlete-centred projects, with a science or social focus. Following a call for applications in 2014, the IOC has selected four applications from researchers in Spain and Australia, and further projects will be selected in 2015.
―With Olympic Agenda 2020, we are changing the philosophy with regard to the credibility of sports competitions and of athletes,‖ said IOC President Thomas Bach. ―We must consider every cent in the fight against doping as an investment in the future of Olympic sport, not as an expense. This fund clearly shows that we support innovative anti-doping research that will lead to better protection of the clean athletes.‖
In December 2013 during discussions on Olympic Agenda 2020, the strategic roadmap for the future of the Olympic Movement, the IOC created a fund of USD 20 million aimed at protecting clean athletes from drug cheats and match-fixing and related corruption. Half of the money was earmarked to fund social and scientific research pertaining to anti-doping, the other half to fight match-fixing.
The IOC, together with WADA, called on world governments to match the amount by 16 November 2014. The funds committed by the 12 governments are payable in full to WADA by 31 March 2016.
―WADA is very pleased with the financial commitments that this partnership has generated for the fight against doping in sport‖, said WADA President Sir Craig Reedie. ―The fund allocated by the IOC has received the commitment of governments of the world to contribute a total of USD 6,452,296. The funds will provide a tremendous boost to WADA in their efforts to carry out innovative, anti-doping research focussed on protecting the clean athletes.‖
The strategy for distribution of this fund is to complement, but not duplicate, existing anti-doping research programmes. Anti-doping organisations agree that alternative strategies are needed so the priority is innovative and novel research in all areas of anti-doping, which have the potential to lead to a significant change in the way anti-doping programmes are carried out and will have a direct impact on the daily lives of the clean athletes.
附件11.
資料來源：
http://www.insidethegames.biz/news/1026242-exclusive-developing-school-sport-is-challenge-we-share-with-ioc-says-isf-president
Developing school sport is challenge we share with IOC, says ISF President
Laurent Petrynka, President of the International School Sport Federation (ISF), claimed development of school sport across the globe is now just as much a challenge for the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as his own organisation. Petrynka was elected President at the ISF's General Assembly in June, with "Vision 2030", a long-term plan for the future of the organisation, at the core of his ambitions. The Frenchman's vision results from his successful work as the director of UNSS, the French national federation for school sport, which has more than one million adherents. The work undertaken by the UNSS to develop French school sport both quantitatively and qualitatively was recognised by the ISF's members as 51 out of 76 present at the General Assembly in Besançon chose Petrynka to represent them.
Earlier this year, new guidelines were released by the IOC, in partnership with UNESCO and several other international organisations, urging Governments and educational planners to invest in the quantity and quality of physical education that they offer.
Speaking here on day two of the inaugural ISF Convention, which aims to address the challenges and future of global school sport, Petrynka stressed that tackling the problem is high on the IOC's agenda. "I don't want to talk alone about school sport - it is not only our problem," he told insidethegames. "It's the problem of all the development of the IOC. "I recently met with the IOC to speak about the subject of sport at school and it is clear that it is one of the preoccupations.
"It is the same as our preoccupation, which is that the position of sport at school is not increasing in all of the countries - sometimes it's decreasing. "So we think like this - 'Oh it's good, you have physical education, you have school sport'. "It's not the case." Having been in the ISF hot seat now for more than nine months, Petrynka is gradually beginning to implement his plans. A major recent development was the signing of an agreement with SportAccord, the umbrella organisation for all Olympic and non-Olympic international sports federations, who will market the ISF's flagship event, the Gymnasiade. Petrynka admitted the ISF is "very weak" in the areas of marketing and communication, and although he is confident that the Turkish city of Trabzon will have no problems in organising the next edition of the quadrennial international multi-sport event in 2016, he's happy to pass on the promotional responsibilities to SportAccord.
The ISF is looking to compile two new documents on the back of its first ever Convention, one of which will be a report book addressed to all national and international federations conveying recommendations regarding school sport.
The other will consist of five recommendations from each of the Convention's workshops and plenary sessions, ready for approval at the ISF's Executive Committee meeting in Pretoria in October. The recommendations, surrounding various themes in relation to world school sport development, are then set to be adopted at the ISF General Assembly in July 2016.
Participants at the ISF Convention, which concluded this evening with a Charity Gala Dinner, will be able to attend the eighth edition of the Qatar Olympic Committee's (QOC) Schools Olympic Programme (SOP) finals at the famous Aspire Dome tomorrow. The SOP, which sees students compete throughout the school year with the ultimate goal of qualifying for the finals, was launched as a legacy of the 2006 Asian Games and has grown from 7,099 participants from 300 schools in its inaugural year, to 25,454 students from over 461 schools in 2014
附件12.
資料來源：
http://www.dailypilot.com/news/tn-dpt-me-0318-special-olympics-20150317,0,2530597.story
Special Olympian reminds students what it's about
Newport Beach students who are raising money for the 2015 Special Olympics Games got an extra dose of encouragement early Monday from a visiting Special Olympian.
The Harbor View Elementary students hope to raise $3,000 for the Games, which will be held in Los Angeles beginning July 25. Newport Beach, Costa Mesa and Huntington Beach are among the communities that will serve as host towns for the 2015 Games.
Joseph Gorin, who was born with cerebral palsy, told several hundred Harbor View students at a school assembly Monday that he'd spent his childhood wanting to play sports, but was told such activities "were unsuitable" until Special Olympics came along.
Gorin now counts floor hockey among this favorite sports. For more than a decade, he has competed in that sport, along with softball, basketball, volleyball, bowling, track and field, and golf.
But what students really wanted to know was Gorin's favorite movie: ("Star Wars"). And his favorite sports teams: (Angels, Lakers and Clippers). Oh, and favorite food: (sushi).
Logan Nixon, a fifth-grader and Harbor View student body president, said more than 60 students in fourth through sixth grade are organizing a carnival for April 3 to raise money for the Special Olympics.
"We're so fortunate living in this area, and some kids aren't," the 11-year-old said.
Students from Harbor View's sister school, Pomona Elementary School in Costa Mesa, will help out the day of the carnival. Last year, Harbor View students raised nearly $2,500 for Children's Hospital of Orange County, Harbor View Principal Todd Schmidt said.
Harbor View parent Ryan Taylor said the effort is student-driven.
"The kids really take ownership and make it their own," he said.
al issues affecting integrity, governance, human rights, youth development and child protection in sport."
附件13.
資料來源：
http://www.insidethegames.biz/olympics/summer-olympics/2020/1026150-promise-sport-for-tomorrow-programme-will-reach-10-million-people-before-tokyo-2020
Promise Sport for Tomorrow programme will reach 10 million people before Tokyo 2020
The Japan Sport Council (JSC) have outlined their ambitions here to help aid the development of some of the world's poorest countries as part of their Sport For Tomorrow programme. The three-step initiative, first officially presented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in Buenos Aires in 2013 as part of Tokyo's successful bid to host the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics, was exhibited in Africa for the first time at the Africa International Sports Convention (CISA). The project will see Japanese delegates assist with sporting events in various different countries, as well as dispatching sports instructors as part of their volunteer scheme. "The city of Tokyo is committed to promoting the Olympic and Paralympic Movement across some of the world's poorest countries," Sport for Tomorrow project manager Toshiyuki Okeya said. "We can always develop more from taking advice from the outside. "We are looking at working with as many countries as possible and we aim to reach more than 10 million people in the build-up to Tokyo 2020."
Sport for Tomorrow also includes a commitment to anti-doping, called "Play True 2020", which comprises several different strategies, such as social science research and developing a larger anti-doping network to promote sporting integrity. Another feature of the programme incorporates the Academy for Tomorrow's Leaders in sport, allowing people who are fluent in English, and who have completed four years at university, to undertake a course in Olympic education if they wish to embark on a career in sports administration. As well as developing future leaders of sport not just in Japan but across the world, the Japan Sport Council are providing assistance in developing school sport in their nation by holding "undokai" events, where schools are given the day to compete in different sporting disciplines. Okeya also revealed that they are looking to hold workshops for the media in the build-up to Tokyo 2020.
附件14.
資料來源：
http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/03/18/japanese-lawmakers-to-examine-lgbt-discrimination-ahead-of-tokyo-olympics/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Pinknews+%28Pink+News%29
Japanese lawmakers to examine LGBT discrimination ahead of Tokyo Olympics
Politicians have formed a multiparty group to look at LGBT rights before the 2020 Olympic Games.
38 lawmakers from multiple parties have come together to discuss the issue of discrimination against LGBT people, in the wake of the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. The group intends to look at discrimination against sexual minorities in Japan and the rest of the world, and speak to LGBT people about the issues they face.
In the run up to the Sochi Winter Olympics, Russia's anti-gay laws and widespread discrimination were condemned around the world, and there is concern that Japan will face similar scrutiny. The Olympic charter was updated to formerly affirm the rights and protection of LGBT athletes in the wake of the Sochi controversy.
The group is being lead by Hiroshi Hase, member of the leading Liberal Democratic Party. He said: ―As it hosts the Olympic Games, there is no doubt that Japanese society will be questioned on how it treats its sexual minorities. We must substantiate the principles described in the basic plan of the Games. The group has no current plans to introduce any legislation, but Hase said: ―The first step is not to discriminate. As Diet [Japan's Parliament] members, we must study and think about issues they are facing in their social lives.‖
Japan is largely conservative on LGBT issues, but progress has been made recently, with a district in Tokyo officially recognising same-sex couples. Around 43% of Japanese people support same-sex marriage, but over half the population are against it, and president Shinzo Abe has said he ―does not envisage marriage between people of the same sex‖.
First Lady Akie Abe took part in Tokyo's Pride parade in April last year. Japanese-American actor George Takei has spoken of his hope that Japan will follow America's lead in affirming gay rights.
附件15.
資料來源：
http://www.aroundtherings.com/site/A__50562/Title__Manchester-United-and-bwin-Launch-Casino-App/292/Articles
Manchester United and bwin Launch Casino App
'bwin Manchester United Casino' brings casino experience to users via world's first club-based, real money casino app Manchester United and bwin, the Club's online gaming and betting partner, have launched the first football club-based, real money casino app in the world - the 'bwin Manchester United Casino'. The app, which has been specially developed by bwin, gives users a realistic 3D casino environment, set against the backdrop of Old Trafford. Users are welcomed to the casino lobby by likenesses of Manchester United players, complete with voiceovers which guide them through the scintillating game-play. Now in the third season of its partnership, bwin also delivers in-stadium betting for matches at Old Trafford, as well as exclusive and competitive rates for fans through its website. The app, launched in Manchester today with members of the United first team in attendance, is the first of its kind and extends the popular range of services and products that the online gaming giant provides to Manchester United fans. Manchester United Group Managing Director, Richard Arnold, commented: "Since Manchester United launched its relationship with bwin in 2012, we have been impressed by their commitment to setting the standard in their industry and providing dynamic and innovative user experiences, as is clearly demonstrated in the bwin Manchester United casino.
"The launch of the app is an important milestone in our partnership, and is yet another exciting platform to bring the Club closer to its fans." Sam Sadi, Director of bwin Labels, said, "Our aim is to offer sports fans unique gaming experiences anytime, anywhere. Working with the club, we have used our partnership to create something entirely new and standout in our industry that will appeal to both Manchester United fans and casino players looking for superior graphics and gameplay." Available exclusively in the UK, the app is available to download now on Android from the bwin.com/manutdcasino and will be available soon on iOS through the App Store. First time players get a £10 bonus when they make a £10 deposit using the code MANU10.
附件16.
資料來源：
http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/hot-hot-open-water-swimming/
How Hot Is Too Hot In Open Water Swimming?
SANTA CLARA – Open water swimming dates back to Captain Matthew Webb in 1875, the first person to swim across the English Channel in 21 hours and 45 minutes covering a distance of about 34 kilometers. Since then, open water swimming has rapidly grown, attracting thousands of participants all over the world and even getting an event at the Olympics. The Federation Internationale De Natation (FINA) defines open water swimming as any competition that takes place in rivers, lakes, oceans, or water channels, and distinguishes between two categories on the basis of the distance swum. A long-distance swimming event includes any competition in open water up to a maximum of 10 kilometers, whereas marathon swimming events exceed that distance.
Recently, the United States and other countries have questioned the safety of open water swimming, specifically with heat stroke, medically known as hyperthermia. This resistance peaked at the 2010 FINA 10K World Cup race in Fujairah, UAE, with the tragic death of American open water swimmer Fran Crippen from what is believed to be hyperthermia. Recently, FINA announced the return of the 10K open water race to Dubai. Upon announcement, many athletes expressed their disdain, resulting in an increase in prize money in an attempt to change minds. This has resulted in the United States and others boycotting this race and Olympians questioning the motives of FINA.
The safety of open water swimmers is the utmost importance, which became crystal clear after Crippen's death. This article attempts to remove the emotional strain associated with Crippen's death — a swimmer whom I raced at national competitions — and reviews hyperthermia and how FINA decided on the current peak temperature limit of 31 degrees Celsius (87.8 degrees Fahrenheit). This article will not discuss Crippen's death or the ethical opinion of having a race where a tragedy happened, but simply water temperature.
Swimming Heat Stroke
Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed body temperature regulation that occurs when a body creates more heat than can be dissipated. Hyperthermia is defined as a temperature greater than 37.5–38.3 degrees Celsius (99.5–100.9 degrees Fahrenheit). Normal human body temperature can be as high as as 37.7 Celsius (99.9 Fahrenheit) in the late afternoon. Hyperthermia is an elevation in body temperature beyond what is expected. Such elevations range from mild to extreme; body temperatures above 40 Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) can be life-threatening.
Heat stroke occurs when the core body temperature rises above 40 Celsius, and it is caused by the failure of the brain's temperature regulatory center in the hypothalamus. Failure is caused by the inability of the body's system to dissipate heat, inducing a dramatic rise in body temperature. This hyperthermic condition results in death of 20 percent of reported cases of heart failure or cerebral edema. Unfortunately, research of heat stroke in an aquatic environment is limited, but it is likely riskier, as nausea, fainting, dizziness, and vomiting are more deadly in the aquatic environment. Also, in the water, heat evaporation through dissipation doesn't occur like it does on land. Moreover, convection and conduction are much greater in the water compared with land sports, increasing heat loss or gain during physical activity.
FINA Rules
FINA officials claim that the water temperature exceeded 31 Celsius (87.8 Fahrenheit) at the tragic 2010 10-km race (temperature recorded near race finish at 11:30 a.m.). Since then, FINA set the water temperature maximum at 31 Celsius. Macaluso (2013) supports this maximum temperature, since their research indicated pool swimming for 5K at 32 Celsius (89.6 Fahrenheit) only raised body temperature by 2 degrees to about 39.7 Celsius (103.46 Fahrenheit).
However, many feel this is limit is too lenient as the maximum water temperature during pool competitions is 28 Celsius (82.4 Fahrenheit).
Open Water Differences
Once again, we don't have excellent research on heat stroke in open water swimming, as the studies looking at heat stroke are performed in pools. Although swimming in a pool for a 5K at 32 Celsius (89.6 Fahrenheit) may be safe, open water contains these differences:
• Pool studies don't have sunlight radiation.
• Pool water temperature don't increase from increasing air temperature during a race.
• Elite open water swimmers typically have low body fat.
• Open water races are much longer than pool races.
• Elite swimmers can push closer to their physiological capabilities.
Therefore, open water maximum temperature limits must be lower than these studies. It is reported Crippen passed away in water reaching 31 Celsius, suggesting this is not a safe temperature. Some could argue Crippen's case was an outlier, but with all the extra risks of heat stroke during open water swimming, a conservative maximum water temperature is mandatory. At face value, a water temperature maximum for open water swimming should be less than the pool temperature maximum. Personally, I feel a temperature limit of 26 Celsius (78.8 Fahrenheit)for 10K races and 27 Celsius (80.6 Fahrenheit) for 5K seems safest, if not lower based on the lack of open water research.
Many will feel these limits that I suggest are far too low, but a conservative water temperature is needed, as we don't have enough research on the subject. Therefore, caution is key for the safety of the most important commodity within the sport: the athlete.
附件17.
資料來源：
http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-benefits-of-pumping-iron-in-later-life-1426475062
The Benefits of Pumping Iron in Later Life
Intense Strength Training Helps Fend Off Age-Related Disability, Research Shows
When he hit 50, Tim Carrigan's lower back started hurting so badly he could barely walk.
The injury, which dated to a childhood accident, had caused only occasional pain until Mr. Carrigan lost muscle tone with age. The pain dogged him for several years, but last year the Quincy, Mass., insurance-company treasurer started strength training twice a week on a circuit of a dozen machines.
Not only did his back improve, "I feel better. I feel stronger. I sleep better," says Mr. Carrigan, now 54. He adds that his stronger back has held up while shoveling during Boston's historic snowstorms.
While old-school wisdom held that older adults were too frail to pump iron, a growing body of research is showing that strength training helps stave off age-related disability, preserve bone mass in women and even boost brainpower.
"It's way more dangerous to not be active as an older adult," says Miriam Nelson, professor of nutrition at Tufts University's Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy in Boston.
Brain fuel
Research at Tufts and around the country is finding that it's safe for older adults to train intensely; when they do, they gain significant muscle mass—albeit not as efficiently as a younger person. A healthy person in his or her 60s can gain 2 to 3 pounds of muscle in six months to a year, about half of the gains that a younger person would see with the same workouts, says Roger A. Fielding, a Tufts University School of Medicine professor. Injuries are rare, he adds.
The benefits appear to be complementary to aerobic exercise. While cardiovascular workouts aid in memory tasks, such as the ability to repeat back a list of words, strength training has been found to boost "executive function," or higher-level brain tasks, says Teresa Liu-Ambrose, associate professor in the department of physical therapy at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Executive function is what allows "a highly capable person to juggle multiple tasks and follow them through to the end," she says.